Choosing between biometrics, keypads, and card readers depends on threat models, measured security, and compliance. Biometrics resist sharing with liveness detection; cards rely on mutual auth and anti-cloning; keypads hinge on PIN entropy and lockouts. Throughput: cards 300–600 ms, biometrics 500–1500 ms, PINs 2–5 s. Costs span hardware, licensing, and maintenance. Integration factors include OSDP Secure Channel, template storage, RBAC/ABAC, […]
